The Founder was responsible in setting up the audio-video production centre of the Open University of Sri Lanka at Nawala, Nugegoda and trained staff and professors [ subject specialist ] in the production and design of multi-media distance learning packages that were used in the open university learning system covering the entire country...Together with his local counterparts he was able to produced numerous educational video material that were distributed in the various study centers and aired at Rupavahini, the only television station in the country owned by the government. One his production, "From Darkness to Dawn" earned him an award in an International Documentary Film Production Competition celebrating the International Year of Housing and Shelter. Not to mention his other United Nations posting in other key countries. Photo Founder with Dianne Ocampo, HDI USA youth ambassadress who accompanied him in his appoitment at the United Nations Headquarters and the Philippine Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York.
The Human Development International Open University is not only a learning institution but also a "manpower and information resource" with its numerous numbers of members scattered all over the world. Each one having varied experiences and expertise, e.g. scientists, statisticians, medical practitioners, engineers, and etc. Not to mention the varied expertise and experiences of the HDI Founder, the Chancellor of the HDI OU - as academician, engineer, communication specialist and many others - and having worked in various educational institutions here and abroad. His years with the United Nations assigned in various countries attached to various U.N. institutions [ UNV, UNDP, UNSIAP, UNESCO, ESCAP, etc. ] was outstanding. He was also a staff of the UNDP Human Development Program based in Tokyo, Japan under the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.
I would like to thank Yoyeng Dacaldacal for your show of care of the HDI Volunteers and of course, your kindness and generosity in making said activities as success....Likewise I really do appreciate your participation and your passion to protect the organization's interest — with Junrie Iglesia, Jay Gildore, Yoyeng Dacaldacal and Christian Carreon Acosto.
The
HDI measures the life expectancy, education, standard of living and
literacy rate of a country. In the world Norway has the highest HDI of
0.943 as of 2011 and ranks 1. Rank 2 goes to Australia which has the HDI
of 0.929. USA with HDI of 0.91 ties with Netherlands for the 3rd place.
There has been a considerable increase in HDI in many countries from 2010 data. Top 10 countries withheld their respective positions in the rankings. But changes in the ranking were seen in Hong Kong which moved up one position and became the 13th country to have very high HD and Iceland went down from its 13th position to 14th position.
Overall, the estimates of 2011 data show that 51% of the world's total population fall under medium human development. Countries that had both high and very high human development constitute for a 30% of the world's total population. And 18% for low human development.
- See more at: http://graphs.net/human-development-index.html#sthash.s3hwxrO2.dpufThere has been a considerable increase in HDI in many countries from 2010 data. Top 10 countries withheld their respective positions in the rankings. But changes in the ranking were seen in Hong Kong which moved up one position and became the 13th country to have very high HD and Iceland went down from its 13th position to 14th position.
Overall, the estimates of 2011 data show that 51% of the world's total population fall under medium human development. Countries that had both high and very high human development constitute for a 30% of the world's total population. And 18% for low human development.
The
HDI measures the life expectancy, education, standard of living and
literacy rate of a country. In the world Norway has the highest HDI of
0.943 as of 2011 and ranks 1. Rank 2 goes to Australia which has the HDI
of 0.929. USA with HDI of 0.91 ties with Netherlands for the 3rd place.
There has been a considerable increase in HDI in many countries from 2010 data. Top 10 countries withheld their respective positions in the rankings. But changes in the ranking were seen in Hong Kong which moved up one position and became the 13th country to have very high HD and Iceland went down from its 13th position to 14th position.
Overall, the estimates of 2011 data show that 51% of the world's total population fall under medium human development. Countries that had both high and very high human development constitute for a 30% of the world's total population. And 18% for low human development.
- See more at: http://graphs.net/human-development-index.html#sthash.s3hwxrO2.dpufThere has been a considerable increase in HDI in many countries from 2010 data. Top 10 countries withheld their respective positions in the rankings. But changes in the ranking were seen in Hong Kong which moved up one position and became the 13th country to have very high HD and Iceland went down from its 13th position to 14th position.
Overall, the estimates of 2011 data show that 51% of the world's total population fall under medium human development. Countries that had both high and very high human development constitute for a 30% of the world's total population. And 18% for low human development.
The
HDI measures the life expectancy, education, standard of living and
literacy rate of a country. In the world Norway has the highest HDI of
0.943 as of 2011 and ranks 1. Rank 2 goes to Australia which has the HDI
of 0.929. USA with HDI of 0.91 ties with Netherlands for the 3rd place.
There has been a considerable increase in HDI in many countries from 2010 data. Top 10 countries withheld their respective positions in the rankings. But changes in the ranking were seen in Hong Kong which moved up one position and became the 13th country to have very high HD and Iceland went down from its 13th position to 14th position.
Overall, the estimates of 2011 data show that 51% of the world's total population fall under medium human development. Countries that had both high and very high human development constitute for a 30% of the world's total population. And 18% for low human development.
- See more at: http://graphs.net/human-development-index.html#sthash.s3hwxrO2.dpufThere has been a considerable increase in HDI in many countries from 2010 data. Top 10 countries withheld their respective positions in the rankings. But changes in the ranking were seen in Hong Kong which moved up one position and became the 13th country to have very high HD and Iceland went down from its 13th position to 14th position.
Overall, the estimates of 2011 data show that 51% of the world's total population fall under medium human development. Countries that had both high and very high human development constitute for a 30% of the world's total population. And 18% for low human development.
The
HDI measures the life expectancy, education, standard of living and
literacy rate of a country. In the world Norway has the highest HDI of
0.943 as of 2011 and ranks 1. Rank 2 goes to Australia which has the HDI
of 0.929. USA with HDI of 0.91 ties with Netherlands for the 3rd place.
There has been a considerable increase in HDI in many countries from 2010 data. Top 10 countries withheld their respective positions in the rankings. But changes in the ranking were seen in Hong Kong which moved up one position and became the 13th country to have very high HD and Iceland went down from its 13th position to 14th position.
Overall, the estimates of 2011 data show that 51% of the world's total population fall under medium human development. Countries that had both high and very high human development constitute for a 30% of the world's total population. And 18% for low human development.
- See more at: http://graphs.net/human-development-index.html#sthash.s3hwxrO2.dpufThere has been a considerable increase in HDI in many countries from 2010 data. Top 10 countries withheld their respective positions in the rankings. But changes in the ranking were seen in Hong Kong which moved up one position and became the 13th country to have very high HD and Iceland went down from its 13th position to 14th position.
Overall, the estimates of 2011 data show that 51% of the world's total population fall under medium human development. Countries that had both high and very high human development constitute for a 30% of the world's total population. And 18% for low human development.
Human Development Index (HDI)
The first Human Development Report introduced a new way of measuring
development by combining indicators of life expectancy, educational
attainment and income into a composite human development index, the HDI.
The breakthrough for the HDI was the creation of a single statistic
which was to serve as a frame of reference for both social and economic
development. The HDI sets a minimum and a maximum for each dimension,
called goalposts, and then shows where each country stands in relation
to these goalposts, expressed as a value between 0 and 1.
The education component of the HDI is now measured by mean of years
of schooling for adults aged 25 years and expected years of schooling
for children of school entering age. Mean years of schooling is
estimated based on educational attainment data from censuses and surveys
available in the UNESCO Institute for Statistics database and Barro and
Lee (2010) methodology). Expected years of schooling estimates are
based on enrolment by age at all levels of education and population of
official school age for each level of education. Expected years of
schooling is capped at 18 years. The indicators are normalized using a
minimum value of zero and maximum values are set to the actual observed
maximum value of mean years of schooling from the countries in the time
series, 1980–2012, that is 13.3 years estimated for the United States in
2010. Expected years of schooling is maximized by its cap at 18 years.
The education index is the geometric mean of two indices.
The life expectancy at birth component of the HDI is calculated using
a minimum value of 20 years and maximum value of 83.57 years. This is
the observed maximum value of the indicators from the countries in the
time series, 1980–2012. Thus, the longevity component for a country
where life expectancy birth is 55 years would be 0.551.
For the wealth component, the goalpost for minimum income is $100
(PPP) and the maximum is $87,478 (PPP), estimated for Qatar in 2012.
The decent standard of living component is measured by GNI per capita
(PPP$) instead of GDP per capita (PPP$) The HDI uses the logarithm of
income, to reflect the diminishing importance of income with increasing
GNI. The scores for the three HDI dimension indices are then aggregated
into a composite index using geometric mean.
The HDI facilitates instructive comparisons of the experiences within and between different countries.
The disaggregated HDI
One way the use of the human development index has been improved is
through disaggregation. A country's overall index can conceal the fact
that different groups within the country have very different levels of
human development. Disaggregated HDIs are arrived at by using the data
for the HDI components pertaining to each of the separate groups;
treating each group as if it was a separate country. Such groups may be
defined relative to income, geographical or administrative regions,
urban/rural residence, gender and ethnicity. Using disaggregated HDIs at
the national and sub-national levels helps highlight the significant
disparities and gaps: among regions, between the sexes, between urban
and rural areas and among ethnic groups. The analysis made possible by
the use of the disaggregated HDIs should help guide policy and action to
address gaps and inequalities.
Disparities may already be well known, but the HDI can reveal them
even more starkly. Disaggregation by social group or region can also
enable local community groups to press for more resources as well as to
force accountability on local representatives, making the HDI a tool for
participatory development.
Disaggregated HDIs have been used extensively for analysis since their inception.
Adjusting the HDI for inequalities
In 2010, the Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) was introduced. The IHDI
is the HDI adjusted for inequalities in the distribution of achievements
in each of the three dimensions of the HDI (health, education and
income). The IHDI will be equal to the HDI value when there is no
inequality, but falls below the HDI value as inequality rises. The
difference between the HDI and the IHDI represents the ‘loss’ in
potential human development due to inequality and can be expressed as a
percentage. In 2012 the IHDI was calculated for 132 countries and the
results are telling. For example, United States suffers a loss of more
than 12% when its HDI value is adjusted for inequalities and moves 13
places down in rank.
Country-specific HDIs
To reflect country-specific priorities and problems and to be more
sensitive to a country's level of development, the HDI appearing in the
global HDRs can be tailored so that additional components are included
in the calculation. HDI adjustments should utilize the methods of
weighting and normalization as the original HDI, making use of maximum
and minimum values to create an index for the added component. In
addition, indicator-specific weights can be tailored such that they
reflect national policy priorities.
Additional adjustments to the HDI could involve expanding the breadth
of existing component indices. For example, the life expectancy
category could be adjusted to reflect under-five or maternal mortality
rates; the income component could be adjusted to reflect unemployment,
incidence of income poverty or the Gini-corrected mean national income;
and finally the educational component can be adjusted to include the
number of students enrolled in particularly important fields of study,
such as the mathematics and sciences.
It is difficult to use the HDI to monitor changes in human
development in the short-term because two of its components, namely life
expectancy and mean years of schooling change slowly. To address this
limitation, components that are more sensitive to short-term changes
could used for national purposes, possibly under a different name. For
example, the rate of employment, the percent of population with access
to health services, or the daily caloric intake as a percentage of
recommended intake could be used in place of the traditional indicators
of the HDI.
Thus, the usefulness and versatility of the HDI as an analytical tool
for HD at the national and sub-national levels would be enhanced if
countries choose components that reflect their priorities and problems
and are sensitive to their development levels, rather than rigidly using
the three components presented in the HDI of the global HDRs.
As previously mentioned, when adjusting the HDI to reflect additional
concerns, a commitment to data integrity and rigorous attention to
statistical protocol should always be a concern of paramount importance.
Highlighting uneven development: comparing relative levels of HDI and per capital income
National wealth has the potential to expand people's choices.
However, it may not. The manner in which countries spend their wealth,
not the wealth itself, is decisive. Moreover, an excessive obsession
with the creation of material wealth can obscure the ultimate objective
of enriching human lives. In many instances, countries with higher
average incomes have higher average life expectancies, lower rates of
infant and child mortality and higher educational attainment and school
enrollment, and consequently a higher human development index (HDI). But
these associations are far from perfect. In inter-country comparisons,
income variations tend to explain not much more than half the variation
in life expectancy, or in infant and child mortality. And they explain
an even smaller part of the differences in adult educational attainment.
Although there is a correlation between material wealth and human
well-being, it breaks down in many societies. Many countries have high
GNI per capita, but low human development indicators and vice versa,
while some countries at similar levels of GNI per capita have vastly
different levels of human development.
Given the imperfect nature of wealth as gauge of human development,
the HDI offers a powerful alternative to GDP and GNI for measuring the
relative socio-economic progress at national and sub-national levels.
Comparing HDI and per capita income ranks of countries, regions or
ethnic groups within countries highlights the relationship between their
material wealth on the one hand and their human development on the
other. A negative gap implies the potential of redirecting resources to
Human Development.
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